{"id":10861,"date":"2025-11-03T16:18:45","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T16:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vizorsun.com\/%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a5%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%86%d9%83-%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88\/"},"modified":"2025-11-03T16:18:45","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T16:18:45","slug":"%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a5%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%86%d9%83-%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vizorsun.com\/ar\/%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a5%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%86%d9%83-%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"\"<\/p>\n

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2) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (SEM): \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0641\u064a SEM\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/a>. <\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 ZnO \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ImageJ. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648-\u0632\u0646\u0648. \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 SEM \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 SEM \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648-\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 20-80 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 SEM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a> \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a (DLS): \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 DLS \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 DDD \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633-\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 DLS \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 7-8. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a DLS \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 100 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631 (\u0623\u060c \u0628)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 (\u062c\u060c \u062f)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0647\u060c \u0648).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

DLS: \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f DLS \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 SEM. <\/p>\n

4) \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d BET: \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631-\u0625\u0645\u064a\u062a-\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0631 (BET) \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u00b2\/\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645-\u00b9) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/a>. <\/p>\n

dBET = 6\/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b dBET = \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c p = \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 ZnO \u2248 5.61 \u062c\u0645 \u0633\u0645-\u00b3)\u060c \u0648 S = \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d BET.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (20-50 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a (20-50 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631) 20-50 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\/\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00b9 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 (BET) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\/\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00b9. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627. <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 BET \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 BET \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 SEM \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629. <\/p>\n

5) \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XRD\/XRDC): \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 Wurtzite) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a> \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062f = \u039a\u03bb\/cos \u03b2\/cos \u03b8<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b D = \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c K \u2248 0.9 (\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644)\u060c \u03bb = \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u03b2 = \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 (\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u03b8 = \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 (101) \u0645\u0639 \u03b2 \u2248 0.15 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 2\u03b8 = 36 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 D = 35 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ZnO \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631. <\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XRD) \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/a> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d XRDC (\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629). <\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2: \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XRD) \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (ZnO) \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629: (\u0623) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u0628) 1 at.% \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c (\u062c) 2 at.% \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

6) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 SEM \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 XRD\/XRDC \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 BET \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 DLS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b SEM \u0648XRD\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648-\u0632\u0646\u0648-\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d BET \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0632\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632<\/a>\u0646\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SEM<\/td>\n\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n20-80 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n200 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 – 5 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DLS<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n50-150 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n> 500 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n20-60 \u0645\u00b2 \u0632-\u00b9<\/td>\n1-5 \u0645\u00b2 \u0632-\u00b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
XRD<\/td>\n\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n20-60 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n> 150 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 ISO 9276 (\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n

7) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n